Which of the following best describes electrical energy?

The description of electrical energy as "the capacity to do work" captures its fundamental nature. Electrical energy represents the ability to perform tasks or generate effects, such as powering devices, lighting up homes, or running machinery. This aligns with the overall definition of energy in physics, which refers to the ability to cause change or do work in any form.

In contrast, while the flow of electrons is involved in the transmission of electrical energy, it does not fully encompass the broader concept of electrical energy itself. Similarly, measuring electrical resistance refers to how much a material opposes the flow of electric current, which is a property of materials rather than a description of the energy itself. The potential difference, or voltage, in a circuit indicates how much energy per charge is available to move charges through the circuit but also does not define electrical energy as a whole.